Land Claims & COLONIZATION EFFORTS BY KINGS & QUEENS
Conquer & Colonize - On the orders of kings & queens reigning from France, Spain, Russia & England
Long before a group of common citizens decided to create a new type of self-rule government system in English territory, several empires expanded in the "new world."
Colonial government system - under british rule
Jamestown map by Captain John Smith, 1607 (source: Library of Congress)
Origins of the United States "Discovery" – Title to the Soil
King Henry VII of England turned a cold shoulder upon Christopher Columbus when he asked for financial aid in undertaking a highly speculative voyage in search of India by sailing westward from Europe.
But Henry, a keen and enterprising monarch quickly realized the importance of Columbus’s discover, and in 1496 commissioned John Cabot to go out and discover countries then unknown to Christian people and take possession of them in the name of the English king.
Cabot made two voyages, and by 1498 had sailed along what is now the coast of the United States and claimed it for England.
By tacit agreement, the
European sovereigns rested their respective claims upon priority of discovery.
The natives were regarded as heathens possessing no rights to sovereignty.
Quarrels arose between the European powers over boundary questions, but the British claims based upon right of discovery were made good by sword or treaty, so that ultimately the title to all lands embraced in the thirteen original States was vested in the British crown.
(An excerpt from the United States Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission publication, The Story of the Constitution, 1935).
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“The only title which the nations of Europe had to any part of the American continent was founded on what they called right of discovery. It was difficult to comprehend the justice of this pretense, when it was known that the country was already occupied by a race of men who had been in undisputed possession for untold ages."
(Analysis of Civil Government in the United States, Calvin Townsend, 1869).
London advertisement for business opportunities in the New World, 1609
The North-American Colonies
In the 1600s British subjects made up the majority of
early settlers, but New York and Delaware were initially
settled by people who emigrated from Holland and Switzerland.
Dates of permanent and independent settlements of the
North-American colonies:
1607 – Virginia
1614 – New York
1620 – Massachusetts
(originally colony of Plymouth)
1620 – New Jersey
1623 – New Hampshire
1634 – Maryland
1635 – Connecticut
1636 - Rhode Island
1638- Delaware
1643 – Pennsylvania
1663 – North Carolina
1670- South Carolina
1733 - Georgia
The colonial governments were divided into
Provincial, Proprietary, and Charter.
PROVINCIAL Colony Government
New Hampshire, New York, Virginia,
North Carolina,
South Carolina and Georgia.
PROPRIETARY Colony Government
Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware.
CHARTER Colony Government
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
(An excerpt from Analysis of Civil Government in
the United States, by Calvin Townsend, 1869).
Pamphlet to encourage "a true & lively" experiment for English Planters in America with native inhabitants. . . may both enrich the knowledge of the mind-traveling reader or benefit the future voyager." -1634
Because British subjects outnumbered all other immigrants to the colonies under British dominion, they brought with them the traditions of British rights, liberties and immunities, British laws and customs, and the English language. . .
English common law was fairly established when the colonies begun. Some rights and immunities which had been enjoyed from time immemorial were reduced to writing in Magna Charta, which was wrung from King John by barons of England at Runnymede in 1215. . . The liberties and rights of Britons were concessions from kings who ruled as by divine right and were originally seized of all authority.
PROVINCIAL governments
The governors were, under these governments, regarded as representatives or deputies of the king. The king also appointed a council, having limited legislative authority, who were to assist the governor and council held their offices during the royal pleasure. The governor had authority to convene a general assembly of the representatives of the feeholders and planters of the Province.
The governor, council, and representatives constituted the Provincial Assembly.
Provincial Assembly, constituted of:
1. Representatives – Lower House;
2. The Council – Upper House;
3. The Governor – Had veto power over both houses, and power to prorogue and dissolve them – by approval/disapproval of the crown.
Governor appointed the judges and magistrates.
PROPRIETARY governments
The meaning of the word proprietary is owner, or proprietor. The general powers were granted by the king, and extended over the whole territory so granted, which became a kind of dependent royalty
The legislature was appointed and convened and organized according to the will of the proprietary. He also had the appointment of officers of every grade.
Lord Baltimore held Maryland, and William Penn held Pennsylvania and Delaware under the Proprietary form of government.
CHARTER governments
This type of government which is similar to today’s state governments in that they had Constitutions and distributed the powers of government into three departments – legislative, executive and judicial.
They defined the powers of the different branches of the government and secured to the inhabitants certain political privileges and rights.
(Excerpt from the United States Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission publication, The Story of the Constitution, 1935).
Early Efforts to unite the states
1754 - Benjamin Franklin wrote an article in the Pennsylvania Gazette promoting The Albany Plan - A union of the Colonies.
This cartoon (right) was published with his article.
The snake cut into parts represents the separate, disjointed colonies.
Franklin's point was the colonies would not survive external threats if they did not join together.
The Albany Plan was rejected.
organizing under self-rule: Continental Congress
The United States Continental Congress
The colonies united on September 5, 1774 - as the First Continental Congress. Assembled in Philadelphia, This important body was attended by delegates from the colonies, but unlike the future U.S. Constitution, the representation of the people was indirect.
Before the Congress adjourned on October 26, 1774, it provided for another meeting of Congress to address any further foreign or domestic issues.
The Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia May 10, 1775. It passed the Declaration of Independence, and continued in session until the close of the Revolutionary War. The new Congress assembled under the U.S. Constitution.
During this time, hostilities had begun and the Minute Men of New England were besieging the British forces in Boston. The delegates were much the same as in the earlier Congress, and they realized the need of assuming the war power necessary to carry on the conflict . . . Independence, national standing, confederation, and State rights were conjoined speedily (The Story of the Constitution, p.13).
1777 - Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union written
1787 Convention to revise Articles of Confederation, which resulted in the U.S. Constitution:
Excerpt from Center for legislative archives for records of Congress :
Seventy-four delegates were appointed to the convention, of which 55 actually attended sessions. Rhode Island was the only state that refused to send delegates. Dominated by men wedded to paper currency, low taxes, and popular government, Rhode Island's leaders refused to participate in what they saw as a conspiracy to overthrow the established government. Other Americans also had their suspicions.
Patrick Henry, of the flowing red Glasgow cloak and the magnetic oratory, refused to attend, declaring he "smelt a rat." He suspected, correctly, that Madison had in mind the creation of a powerful central government and the subversion of the authority of the state legislatures. Henry along with many other political leaders, believed that the state governments offered the chief protection for personal liberties. He was determined not to lend a hand to any proceeding that seemed to pose a threat to that protection.
(https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/more-perfect-union)
U.S. Constitution 101 civil rights
State-House or Independence Hall, home of Federal Convention of 1787.
From Articles of Confederation to the Constitution
Signing Declaration of Independence, by Trumbull.
The Declaration has 1,458 words including signatures. The Declaration was signed in the Philadelphia State House.
The first known formal use of "united" States of America was in the Declaration of Independence.
Signing U.S. Constitution, by C. Christy.
The document is 4,543 words, including the signatures. George Washington presided.
the First Time the term "united" States was Used in America
The geographic location called "America" comes from the name of Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci
"While the colonies may have established it, “America” was given a name long before. America is named after Amerigo Vespucci, the Italian explorer who set forth the then revolutionary concept that the lands that Christopher Columbus sailed to in 1492 were part of a separate continent. A map created in 1507 by Martin Waldseemüller [above] was the first to depict this new continent with the name “America,” a Latinized version of “Amerigo.”
(Source: How Did America Get Its Name? | Library of Congress Blog (loc.gov) )
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In 1493, after reports of Columbus’s discoveries had reached them, the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella enlisted papal support for their claims to the New World in order to inhibit the Portuguese and other possible rival claimants. To accommodate them, the Spanish-born pope Alexander VI issued bulls setting up a line of demarcation from pole to pole 100 leagues (about 320 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands see Cabo Verde. Spain was given exclusive rights to all newly discovered and undiscovered lands in the region west of the line. Portuguese expeditions were to keep to the east of the line. Neither power was to occupy any territory already in the hands of a Christian ruler.
Source: Treaty of Tordesillas | Summary, Definition, Map, & Facts | Britannica
America's land was claimed by Spain, France, Russia & England
Over the centuries, rulers of several countries made claim to the lands in the "new" world called America.
Under the strict authority of kings and queens, subjects, (many hoping to gain status & wealth) were used to:
discover;
fight for;
and labor (often forced) over
valuable resources in America for the support and expanded power of royal elites.
Want to learn more about the government systems before and during colonial times?
Click on the link below.
English colonists living in America "united" to break ties with a tyrant king & gain independence
English colonists living in America "united" to break ties with a tyrant king & gain independence
The first time the term “united" States was used was about 175 years after the first colonies were settled [in North America].
Thomas Jefferson referred to the thirteen united States in the Declaration of Independence
[from the king of England's rule].
(source: U.S. Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission, 1935).
"The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them . . ."
- The Declaration of Independence,
July 4, 1776