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US Civics Guide and Education
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(left) The Oval Office at the White House

the U.S. president heads the executive branch

This page: 

Constitutional powers & duties of the President; Biographies of all past presidents; the Electoral process; History of events; Supreme Court appointments;  

Art.2, Sec.4, Impeachment & removal from office via the 25th Amendment;

 

Current U.S. President, Vice-President & Cabinet  


The Executive Branch - the president

Executive Powers Vested in the President

Executive Powers Vested in the President

Executive Powers Vested in the President

  

Article II, Sections 1 of the U.S. Constitution states: 

The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. . .


Article II, Sections 1 – 4 include the following:


1. Term of office

2.  Eligibility

3. Voting & Electors 

4. Oath of Office

5. Salary

6. Powers & Duties

7. Vacancies


 

Term and Eligibility

Executive Powers Vested in the President

Executive Powers Vested in the President

 1789 - 2020  

 45 Presidents have served in office

 (Actually, 44 served - Grover Cleveland was #22 and #24, because he left office, then ran again & won).
   

Current - Joseph R. Biden, Jr.

(46th President)


*

Term

He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows


Eligibility

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. 


  



  

Oath of the President

Executive Powers Vested in the President

Oath of the President

  

Oath of Office

Before he enters on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:


 I do solemnly swear 

(or affirm) 

that I 

will faithfully execute 

the Office of President 

of the United States, 

and 

will to the best of my Ability, preserve, 

protect and 

defend 

the Constitution 

of the United States.  

* * *





Constitutional Duties & powers of the president

The President is the Commander & Chief of the military only - not of the citizens or other branches of government

The President is the Commander & Chief of the military only - not of the citizens or other branches of government


1.  The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; 


he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and 


2.  he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.


  3.  He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur;  and  


The President is the Commander & Chief of the military only - not of the citizens or other branches of government

The President is the Commander & Chief of the military only - not of the citizens or other branches of government

The President is the Commander & Chief of the military only - not of the citizens or other branches of government


4.  he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.


5.  The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. 

The President is the Commander & Chief of the military only - not of the citizens or other branches of government


 6. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; 


7. he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; 


8.  he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; 


7.  he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.


(Language of the U.S. Constitution, Article II, Sections 1-4.  Numbers added by editor) 

The u.s. presidents by the numbers

Want to Learn About Each President?

Want to Learn About Each President?

Want to Learn About Each President?

 

 Click on the President's name 

Learn about that particular President.


Information from White House website https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/







1789 - 1849

Want to Learn About Each President?

Want to Learn About Each President?

1. George Washington

2. John Adams

3. Thomas Jefferson

4. James Madison

5. James Monroe

6. John Quincy Adams

7. Andrew Jackson

8. Martin Van Buren

9. William Henry Harrison

10. John Tyler

11. James K. Polk

1849 - 1885

Want to Learn About Each President?

1849 - 1885

  12. Zachary Taylor

13. Millard Fillmore

14. Franklin Pierce

15. James Buchanan

16. Abraham Lincoln

17. Andrew Johnson

18. Ulysses S. Grant

19. Rutherford B. Hayes

20. James Garfield

21. Chester A. Arthur

1885 - 1929

1885 - 1929

1849 - 1885

  

22. Grover Cleveland

23. Benjamin Harrison

24. Grover Cleveland

25. William McKinley

26. Theodore Roosevelt

27. William Howard Taft

28. Woodrow Wilson

29. Warren G. Harding

30. Calvin Coolidge

1929 - 1981

1885 - 1929

1929 - 1981

  

31. Herbert Hoover

32. Franklin D. Roosevelt

33. Harry S. Truman

34. Dwight D. Eisenhower

35. John F. Kennedy

36. Lyndon B. Johnson

37. Richard M. Nixon

38. Gerald R. Ford

39. James Carter

1981 - 2020

1885 - 1929

1929 - 1981

  

40. Ronald Reagan

41. George H. W. Bush

42. William J. Clinton

43. George W. Bush

44. Barack Obama

45. Donald J. Trump  

  


Obverse of the original Great Seal of the United States. 1782.  Its use restricted to papers bearing
Did you know?

Three U.S. Presidents died on july 4th

  On the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence - July 4, 1826, John Adams, the second president and Thomas Jefferson, the third president, both died.  On July 4, 1831, James Monroe, the fifth president, died.   RIP

early days & Problems with the presidential elections

Prior to the12th Amendment (ratified June 1804) - the candidate who had the majority of electoral votes became President, and the next person with the most votes became Vice President - regardless of which political Party the candidates belonged. ". . . In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President." (excerpt from original U.S. Constitution).

Election 1800 - Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr tied for the Presidency with 73 electoral votes each. In accordance with the Constitution, when there is a tie - the vote for the President then goes to the House of Representatives. In what would be one of several slights by Alexander Hamilton toward Aaron Burr, Hamilton voted for Jefferson over Burr, even though Hamilton did not share the same political philosophy as Jefferson. Jefferson became President and Burr - Vice President.

Prior to the12th Amendment (ratified June 1804) - the candidate who had the majority of electoral votes became President, and the next person with the most votes became Vice President - regardless of which political Party the candidates belonged. ". . . In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President." (excerpt from original U.S. Constitution).

 
 

The White House

Election 1796 - John Adams (Federalist) was elected President and Thomas Jefferson (Republican) was elected Vice President. Due to the President's and Vice President's differing public policy philosophies, the Executive office lacked unity and governing was difficult.

Election 1800 - Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr tied for the Presidency with 73 electoral votes each. In accordance with the Constitution, when there is a tie - the vote for the President then goes to the House of Representatives. In what would be one of several slights by Alexander Hamilton toward Aaron Burr, Hamilton voted for Jefferson over Burr, even though Hamilton did not share the same political philosophy as Jefferson. Jefferson became President and Burr - Vice President.

Prior to the12th Amendment (ratified June 1804) - the candidate who had the majority of electoral votes became President, and the next person with the most votes became Vice President - regardless of which political Party the candidates belonged. ". . . In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President." (excerpt from original U.S. Constitution).

Election 1800 - Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr tied for the Presidency with 73 electoral votes each. In accordance with the Constitution, when there is a tie - the vote for the President then goes to the House of Representatives. In what would be one of several slights by Alexander Hamilton toward Aaron Burr, Hamilton voted for Jefferson over Burr, even though Hamilton did not share the same political philosophy as Jefferson. Jefferson became President and Burr - Vice President.

Election 1800 - Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr tied for the Presidency with 73 electoral votes each. In accordance with the Constitution, when there is a tie - the vote for the President then goes to the House of Representatives. In what would be one of several slights by Alexander Hamilton toward Aaron Burr, Hamilton voted for Jefferson over Burr, even though Hamilton did not share the same political philosophy as Jefferson. Jefferson became President and Burr - Vice President.

Election 1800 - Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr tied for the Presidency with 73 electoral votes each. In accordance with the Constitution, when there is a tie - the vote for the President then goes to the House of Representatives. In what would be one of several slights by Alexander Hamilton toward Aaron Burr, Hamilton voted for Jefferson over Burr, even though Hamilton did not share the same political philosophy as Jefferson. Jefferson became President and Burr - Vice President.

  


Alexander Hamilton & Arron Burr Duel 
Artist Hooper
How Could a Vice-President Get Away with Murder?

Aaron Burr & Alexander Hamilton's Duel - July 11, 1804

Vice President Aaron Burr challenged Founding Father Alexander Hamilton to a duel after Hamilton voted Jefferson for President - not Burr. Also, Hamilton reportedly said Burr was "a scoundrel . . . and ought not be trusted with the reins of government."

The Senate claimed a duel was not a common murder!  

 

RIP Mr. H  

electing the president and vice-president

Election by State Electors - Original Constitution Language

Election by State Electors - Original Constitution Language

Election by State Electors - Original Constitution Language

 

Original language of Article II, Section 1:


Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.


The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. 


And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate.
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted.
The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President,
if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. 


 

Amended Changes to Election by State Electors

Election by State Electors - Original Constitution Language

Election by State Electors - Original Constitution Language

AMENDMENT XII


Passed by Congress December 9, 1803. Ratified June 15, 1804.


(Note: A portion of Article II, section 1 of the Constitution was superseded by the 12th amendment).


The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; 

they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; 

-- the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; -- The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. 


But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice.  And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. 


* The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

*Superseded by section 3 of the 20th amendment.
 

Amended Changes to Term Dates & Death

Election by State Electors - Original Constitution Language

Amended Changes to Term Dates & Death

   AMENDMENT XX


Passed by Congress March 2, 1932. Ratified January 23, 1933.


(Note: Article I, section 4, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of this amendment. In addition, a portion of the 12th amendment was superseded by section 3).


Section 1.

The terms of the President and the Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.


Section 2.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.


Section 3.

If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President.


 If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or

 if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; 


and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.


Section 4.

The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.


Section 5.

Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.

Section 6.


This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. 

The President is elected by each state

The Electoral Votes of 1792

Each State votes in State Representatives, but the President is shared by all States. Hence, the Electoral process.  The Electoral process gives smaller populated states a voice with larger populated states in deciding President of US. 

Electors 101

Constitutional Amendments related to executive Branch

1/8

What happens if something happens to the president?

The order of Succession:

The order of Succession:

The order of Succession:

 1. Vice President


2. Speaker of the House


3. President Pro Tempore of the Senate

The order of Succession:

The order of Succession:

 4. Secretary of State


5. Secretary of the Treasury


6. Secretary of Defense


7. Attorney General

The order of Succession:

 8. Secretary of the Interior


9.  Secretary of Agriculture


10.  Secretary of Commerce


11.  Secretary of Labor

Summary of 25th Amendment - Death, resignation or Discharge

Impeachment & Removal from office

Impeachment

Removal of the President from Office

Removal of the President from Office

 


 The President, 

Vice President and 

all civil Officers of the United States,

 shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for,

 and 

Conviction of, 

Treason, Bribery, 

or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.


(Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution)

Removal of the President from Office

Removal of the President from Office

Removal of the President from Office

  * The following is original language of Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution.



In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, 

the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what   officer shall then act 



Removal of the President from Office

  as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.  


 *This language was changed by 25th Amendment


(see 25th Amendment below)
 

25th amendment - full text

Twenty-fifth (25th) Amendment Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.

Twenty-fifth (25th) Amendment Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.

Twenty-fifth (25th) Amendment Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.

 Section 1.


In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. 


Section 2.


Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress. 


 Section 3.


Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
 

Twenty-fifth (25th) Amendment Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.

Twenty-fifth (25th) Amendment Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.

  Section 4.


Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.


 Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office  

Twenty-fifth (25th) Amendment Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.

Section 4. (continued)

unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department 

or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. 

Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. 

Supreme court appointments

Learn the facts

The 46th President of the United States

Current President

Joseph Biden

2020 

the executive branch - the vice-president

Vice President Kamala Harris

The President of the U.S. Senate

 The Vice President also serves as the President of the United States Senate, where he or she casts the deciding vote in the case of a tie. Except in the case of tiebreaking votes, the Vice President rarely actually presides over the Senate.  

(left) Vice President - Ms. Kamala Harris

Duties

 The duties of the Vice President, outside of those enumerated in the Constitution, are at the discretion of the current President. Each Vice President approaches the role differently — some take on a specific policy portfolio, others serve simply as a top adviser to the President.

 The Vice President has an office in the West Wing of the White House, as well as in the nearby Eisenhower Executive Office Building 


 https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-executive-branch/ 

  Like the President, the Vice-President also maintains an official residence, at the United States Naval Observatory in Northwest Washington, D.C. 

This peaceful mansion, has been the official home of the Vice President since 1974 — previously, Vice Presidents had lived in their own private residences. 

The Vice President also has his own limousine, operated by the United States Secret Service, and flies on the same aircraft the President uses — but when the Vice President is aboard, the craft are referred to as Air Force Two and Marine Two.

 https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-executive-branch/  

Executive Branch - The cabinet

46th President - Joseph Biden - The President's Cabinet

 

 

President Biden’s Cabinet reflects his pledge to appoint leaders of government agencies that reflect the country they aim to serve.

In order of succession to the Presidency:

Kamala Harris

Kamala Harris

VICE PRESIDENT

Antony Blinken

Antony Blinken

SECRETARY OF STATE

Janet Yellen

Dr. Janet Yellen

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY

General Lloyd Austin

Lloyd Austin

SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

Merrick Garland

Merrick Garland

ATTORNEY GENERAL

Deb Haaland

Deb Haaland

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR

Tom Vilsack

Tom Vilsack

SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE

Gina Raimondo

Gina Raimondo

SECRETARY OF COMMERCE

Marty Walsh

Marty Walsh

SECRETARY OF LABOR

Xavier Becerra

Xavier Becerra

SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Marcia Fudge

Marcia Fudge

SECRETARY OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Pete Buttigieg

Pete Buttigieg

SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION

Jennifer Granholm

Jennifer Granholm

SECRETARY OF ENERGY

Dr. Miguel Cardona

Dr. Miguel Cardona

SECRETARY OF EDUCATION

Denis McDonough

Denis McDonough

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

Alejandro Mayorkas

Alejandro Mayorkas

SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY

Michael Regan

Michael Regan

ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Neera Tanden

Neera Tanden

DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

Avril Haines

Avril Haines

DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Katherine Tai

Katherine Tai

UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE

Linda Thomas-Greenfield

Linda Thomas-Greenfield

UNITED STATES AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED NATIONS

Dr. Cecilia Rouse

Dr. Cecilia Rouse

CHAIR OF THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS

Isabel Guzman

Isabel Guzman

ADMINISTRATOR OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Dr. Eric Lander

Dr. Eric Lander

PRESIDENTIAL SCIENCE ADVISOR AND DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

Ron Klain

Ron Klain

CHIEF OF STAFF


 Source:  www.whitehouse.gov/administration/cabinet

 

Article II, Section 2 of Constitution Provides for President to Choose Advisors

      The Cabinet’s role is to advise the President on any subject he may require relating to the duties of each member’s respective office.


President Biden's Cabinet includes: 


     Vice President Kamala Harris and the heads of the 15 executive departments 


the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, 

Defense, 

Education, Energy, 

Health and Human Services, 

Homeland Security, 

Housing and Urban Development,

Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, and the Attorney General. 


Additionally, the Cabinet includes the White House Chief of Staff and heads of 

the Environmental Protection Agency, Office 

of Management and Budget, United States 

Trade Representative, 

Central Intelligence Agency, 

Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 

and Small Business Administration.



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